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Technology’s Impact on Economic Inequality

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Situation

Inequality is a topic that has been going on for years. It is among the basic problems of mankind. Do we know enough about the importance of inequality? According to Cambridge Dictionary inequality is “the unfair situation in society when some people have more opportunities, money, etc. than other people” (dictionary.cambridge.org). The definition of economic inequality is not very different. Economic inequality is the difference in the various measures of economic prosperity among the groups of individuals in a group, between groups of influential or countries. The average income rate of the wealthiest 1% between the rest of the people was progressing steadily until 1928, fluctuated towards the 1980s and after the 1980s a sudden rise happened (Drew DeSilver, 2013). One of the first causes of economic inequality is the reduction in the taxation of investment income earners (John Wasik, 2011). We can add many reasons to this, for example, low minimum wage or no educational investment. About this topic, the first woman to run for president of the United States said “It is not great wealth in a few individuals that prove a country is prosperous, but great general wealth evenly distributed among the people . . . It is the struggling masses who are the foundation [of this country]; and if the foundation is rotten or insecure, the rest of the structure must eventually crumble.” (Victoria Woodhull, 1872). This statement can be accepted, but it is uncertain and arguable that the likelihood of recovery of these problems is just a utopia. There are opinions saying that economic inequality is good, for instance, if every person has the wealth at an equal level, the rise of people will be prevented or If there are no rich people, no one will buy anything too expensive because their money will not be enough. If no one will pay, there can't be any investments and it won't be possible to develop new innovations and make them cheaper. In fact, this idea is somewhat acceptable but when some people cannot find anything to spend their wealth on beneficial expenses, and some people come to the point of suffering because of their lack of money, the problem starts. The increase in unemployment and decrease in hope of finding a job, economic crises and poverty are just a few examples.

As you can see, many factors affect economic inequality. So, what is the share of technology in this case? How does technology affect this? Nowadays the effects of technology can be seen at every point. Technology is a constantly evolving concept until now, but in recent times it is developing faster than ever before. Thanks to technology we have advanced from writing to genetic code and programming language or from abacus to the computer and artificial intelligence. Technology has constantly changed people's lives and continues to change them. These changes are sometimes good and sometimes bad. Technology affects every subject, also it is directly or indirectly affects economic equality. The unemployment rate can increase because of artificial intelligence or new technologies can break economic balances. If we are going to get the benefits of technology, we must either accept its harms or we should find solutions for each of them.

Problem

Technology is turning our World into a different World. People are having difficulty in adapting to the pace of development in technology. People are adopting the products of technology without question because they cannot adapt. We are taking technology’s bad features too because of technology’s non-decelerating speed. Fortunately, we are realizing that sooner or later and then trying to solve these problems. Although technology is improving fast, experts can still predict future points and problems so we can make our preparations. At this point, it is necessary to talk about some future predictions to understand it better. There are a number of important issues that technology will bring to the forefront in the near future. Although the use of some technologies to be mentioned is infrequent, they are already on the agenda and their use is becoming widespread. For example, artificial intelligence (like conversational UX and bots), robots (autonomous machines), big data, cryptocurrencies (Blockchain), augmented reality, virtual reality, 3D printing, drones, online services (online education, online diagnosis etc.), sharing economies, e-commerce sites, etc. In essence, they are all good innovations that will make our life easier, but they all have harmful side effects like unemployment, inequality, and economic crises. Nowadays side effects are more prominent than primary effects. Now that we have learned a little more about technology, then we have to go back to the economic inequality and look at what kind of problems and bad side effects the technology has at this point. These side effects should be sampled one by one to find out what kind of problems they can produce.

Autonomous machines have already begun to take over workers' jobs and leave people unemployed but with the proliferation and development of robots and the help of artificial intelligence, it will reach incredible points. Robots already started to replace humans. Factory workers, shepherds, farmers, pharmacists, cargo deliverers, security guards, chefs, soldiers, receptionists, construction workers, tour guides, bartenders, librarians and even teachers and surgeons are started to being replaced by robots and artificial intelligence. This change, which will be in the industry and increase economic inequality, Tarnoff summarized as follows: “If you think inequality is a problem now, imagine a world where the rich can get richer all by themselves” (Tarnoff, 2017). The reason is that in the near future, rich factory owners people will only supply electricity and raw materials to their robot-only industry and they will think that they will make a very high profit. Cause of the mistake they made unwittingly is that middle and low-income people who lost their jobs due to robots will buy the products they produce. More precisely they cannot buy because they will not have enough purchasing power so the factory owners, i.e. the producers, will incur losses. According to this logic, every wrong action will cause a paradox that will lead to greater distress. At this point, it would be appropriate to quote Tarnoff’s statement on the same article: “The real threat posed by robots isn’t that they will become evil and kill us all ... it’s that they will amplify economic disparities to such an extreme that life will become, quite literally, unlivable for the vast majority” (Tarnoff, 2017). The problems created by technology will not be limited to unemployment. The convenience of technology will have bad effects on people, e.g. insufficient training or inactive government. As a result, the impact of technological development on economic inequality problems like the increased wage gap, rich-poor divide, and labor mobility cannot be denied and some solutions should be found immediately.

Response

Although economic inequality may seem to come to a situation where it cannot be rectified, it is still not too late for finding and applying solutions. These solutions include what I mentioned before about Technology's bad impacts on economic inequality.

As mentioned earlier people will be unemployed because of artificial intelligence but this problem brought by the technology brings solutions as well. If artificial intelligence will replace people in heavy works, such as industry, people will use their energy for more creative jobs or lead artistic activities so people can earn their income through individual work. People will be able to access services such as education, health, and transportation both easily and cheaply thanks to technological improvements. Futurists say that technology will increase our living standards. For example, it is lowering health and education fees and they are saying in the near future we can get a medical diagnosis online or obtain cheaper education online. If such developments are occurring people will have cheap services instead of salary increase (Hersey, 2014). Products that are free from human error and produced from high-profit industries will have to be cheap. If all the needs will be cheap and everybody can get everything, there will be no such thing as economic inequality as there will be no meaning of being rich. As cryptocurrencies will not depend on any state or institution, the events that will bring people down to a difficult situation, such as economic crises or inflation, will come to an end. While the technological developments here will improve the system, states will have important responsibilities to implement all these technological developments. Governments should prefer technological solutions in education, health and taxation areas and contribute to development. These solutions, which technology brings to itself, will grow even more as technology advances. As a result, we cannot stop the development of technology, but we can reduce the harm of it and solve the problems it causes with technological solutions.

Evaluation

The most useful and reliable solution can be found by making a general evaluation. Considering what has been described, perhaps the best solution is making services and products cheaper with industrial transformations that providing human-robot collaboration. The first reason for this is the truth is that technology cannot be stopped or we cannot get rid of it. It is a fact that the inequality is generally low at times when technology is not common. When technology spread, there was a great disparity between those who had access to technology and those who did not. The technology has been made accessible to everybody to prevent this trouble. This means people cannot get rid of the technology to get rid of the troubles of technology like economic inequality but people can reduce the problems of the technology, or they can create new solutions to solve its problems. The second reason is that with technology the price of products and services will decrease and the concept of poverty will disappear. Then the wealth will no longer be a great importance, so the concept of the richness will begin to disappear too. When nearly everything becomes cheap, people won't be going to spend too much on their vital requirements. It will also increase spending on the progress of technology. There will be an overall increase in people's welfare level, more for the poor, and less for the rich. Which means that the level of economic inequality will be decreased. The last reason is that it will also change our point of view of unknown technologies like robots and artificial intelligence. The collaboration of people with robots will expose many new opportunities. Even people won't need to work at a certain business place and they will be able to work in their own workshop and that will allow people to get new hobbies. So that everyone will have a chance to make additional income or make their own business easily.

The reason for not selecting other results should be indicated. Other solutions like only cryptocurrency usage or only robot industries (e.g. Artificial Intelligence, drones) may result in many security issues and it may be quite painful for people to adapt to these radical changes. To make people easier to adopt these changes, systems should be prepared and people should be able to keep pace with radical changes in this way.

The common future of humans and robots may seem like only a utopia is mentioned in this article but it can be clearly seen that these results are not a utopia but an alternative future that can actually take place if the mentioned disclosures are sufficiently taken into consideration. Although there is an alternative future that can be realized, mankind must make a lot of effort to make it happen, leave the minor problems and turn its direction from that cliff to a brighter future.

Bibliography

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4. DeSilver, D. (2013, December 05). U.S. income inequality, on rise for decades, is now highest since 1928. Retrieved December 11, 2017, from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/12/05/u-s-income-inequality-on-rise-for-decades-is-now-highest-since-1928/

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Global Digital Small Business Insurance Survey - Summary

SMEs are the backbone of every economy. They are 99% of all of the companies, they have 70% of employment and their value is between 50% and 60% in the OECD. At the same time, SMEs are among the most dynamic sectors of the economy, with 97,000 new SMEs being established in the UK each year. When these are taken into consideration, SMEs should be a mobile market for insurers, a higher policy premium than personal insurance. But the competition on this market is very difficult because SMEs come in all sizes and shapes, with different basic or complex needs. Often they need a personal recommendation of an agent or broker, but they are reluctant to pay premium services. Can the answer be found on the digital channel? And is the business ready to take on clients' insurance?

The work of the PwC, which is looking for answers to these questions, provides important data. PwC's new digital SME insurance survey has attracted 2100 small businesses from 14 countries, and as a result, SMEs are looking to buy online-based solutions. Small and medium-sized businesses are turning to more and more online insurance systems to protect their business. According to PwC's report, 36 percent of small business owners say that they will communicate online with insurers in the near term. It is expected that the percentage of SMEs using online insurance transactions up to 2022 will increase to 48. So as you can see from the report, small and medium business sectors are starting to turn into digital. Newly-established companies under one-year-old, indicate that they want to take their insurance products online with a 48% share, indicating they will be quicker to make digital calls to insurers. This percentile stays at 37% for large companies over ten years old. It turns out that the insurers who succeeded in transferring themselves to the digital environment already have the advantage of finding new customers.

New SMEs are seen to be choosing insurers with more online customer-focused services. This gives them a chance to improve their insurance business and to emerge as a leader in the digital industry. PwC has announced that this opportunity provides an open door for new products for insurers. Nevertheless, it was stated that several obstacles will be faced before digital insurance ventures succeed. One of these important encounters will be turning the existing system into agile digital-focused alternatives. Insurers must have the capacity to understand customers and have technical solutions to provide them with solutions that evolve and adapt quickly as the market changes. At the same time, they should look to the startups of the changing generations, not only as customers but also as technological solutions and value-added services as potential partners with more responsible and targeted solutions. The studies also showed how low the change in cybersecurity insurance is. Only about 16 percent of companies have active insurance, but more than 46 percent of those respondents said that cybersecurity insurances would apply to their jobs. In other words, insurance companies that have the ability to turn themselves into the fastest digital environment will have a very high advantage.

Impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on Supply Chains

At the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2017 research and consultations on understanding the effects of the fourth industrial revolution on future production and supply chains were conducted. This forum allows business leaders to identify future changes. The fourth industrial revolution was characterized by the convergence of breakthrough technologies -such as advanced robotics, artificial intelligence, internet of things, virtual and augmented reality, wearables and additive manufacturing- that accentuated production processes and business models to different industries. Business leaders can no longer focus solely on developments and trends in their own sectors but need to understand the potential changes and disruptions that occur in customers and adjacent markets in all of the world's respondents. Disruptive technologies are making strides in business and production models in many segments of the economy. Everything is reshaping in the demands of the consumers until the operation of the factory. Business leaders say Industry4.0 will change all the value-creating capabilities. The application of technology is getting cheaper and now the cost of labor comes out to be important in determining the place of production. These changes change the shape of globalization and influence the orbit of goods by making production and sales places closer together. As a result, the prospect of regional and local flows will increase and this will hurt intercontinental trade.

The key technologies of the fourth industrial revolution have already begun to influence production systems and supply chains. With the digital conversion, most of the companies in the manufacturing sector and the logistics industry are beginning to see positive effects. Although the digital transformation has many improvements, the introduction of new technologies and the speed of implementation of new business model solutions make it difficult to meet this challenge. It is necessary to take a close look at these technologies. First of all, the internet of things is being established by virtually interconnecting intelligent assets and devices to provide enhanced user experience and usability. According to Gartner, the number of these devices will exceed 20.4 billion by 2020. As the number of connected devices increases, the opportunities will expand. All these devices will provide real-time data to provide advantages in the geographical distribution of production, duration, and cost of production. Artificial intelligence will make it possible to continuously process huge data coming from the internet of things. Self-learning systems can effectively improve the performance of companies without the need for human influence. Thus, people can focus on more complex activities when machines doing repetitive tasks. However, appropriate communication and job support are required for artificial intelligence to take place at this point to replace low-skilled workers. We can define advanced robotics as partially or largely automatic, devices that have the ability to change behaviors through sensor data, interacting physically with people and their surroundings. Advancing in this technology will give us opportunities to provide human-robot collaboration. Employing humanoid robots will increase production levels by reducing slowing factors such as stress, morale, job security, and training costs. Wearables, when security and confidentiality concerns are resolved, will cause people to overcome their physical limitations, causing positive impacts such as education, security, and workforce. Finally, articulated production will enable the production of 3D products from a digital blueprint, enabling the production to be free from the disadvantages of mold methods, and provide digital transfer of products.

These technologies brought together by the fourth industrial revolution not only provide the production and management of supply chains but also a way to create new value chains. New co-operation forms between companies on different levels of the digital value chain. Open innovation, distributed manufacturing, and new collaboration models play an important role in this process. The fourth industrial revolution also affects the logistics sector and the supply chain and will make it an ecosystem that is collaborative. While these major changes have many advantages, they will change the working standards worldwide by changing the required skills and profiles, and at the same time, these changes will carry many risks. The explanations show that these technological developments will seriously affect supply chains.

Reference: World Economic Forum - System Initiative on Shaping the Future of Production - Impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on Supply Chains

Why is Technology Management is Important in Business?

by Ahmet Emin Ünal - 22/04/2018

DEFINING THE CONCEPT OF TECHNOLOGY

In daily life, technology is used very often. When technology is called, the meaning understood by all is the physical hardware of the technology. However, there is also the software dimension of the technology. While the physical dimension involves technological tools, the theoretical dimension includes learning techniques or management styles, according to the business line in which technology is used (İşman, 2001).

The physical dimension of the technology can also be considered as a tool. Robots are an example. However, any tool, the technical information necessary to use that tool effectively cannot be considered independently. In order to use robots effectively, skilled human resources with programming knowledge are needed. This is an indication that the theoretical dimension of technology shouldn’t be neglected (Tekin, 2003).

The concept of technology can also be classified as product or process technology. Product technology is the process for the development of new products or services. Process technology is the technologies that are developed to carry out or support the production process. Improvements in process technology enable product technology to develop by providing more qualified products (Tekin, 2003).

WHAT IS TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT?

Technology management has established a link between management and technical expertise and is interested in issues such as how the business will be able to compete and which technology will be invested so that the business can grow, how the technology can be produced, how the technology can be produced, how it can be developed and how it will be marketed, how the organization's organizational structure needs to be changed according to new technological developments and what competition strategies should be followed by proprietary technology and businesses (Sarıhan, 1998). Technological management is different from technical management. Differences in technological management provide the following advantages (Bellamy, 2008):

• Combining appropriate disciplines' knowledge,

• Developing a macro perspective on technology, organization, and management,

• To create a technology viewpoint boundary that exceeds the limits of its own technical origin,

• Develop technology management skills that can be used both in industrial and non-industrial areas.

Technical management, on the contrary, is much narrower; (Bellamy, 2008), in specific technical areas such as industrial technology and engineering.

When addressed in this framework, the scope of technology management includes technological competition strategies, technological planning, technological forecasting, technological risk analysis, technological resource management, measurement and evaluation of technology, technology transfer, technology integration and usage, commercialization and marketing of technology, managing the organization.

TECHNOLOGY VARIETIES

Technology varieties implemented by technology management can be divided into three divisions.

ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES

Numerical Controlled Benches: Numerical control can be defined as a programmable automation where numbers, letters, and symbols are used to control a process. Here, the programs that are made up of the commands necessary for the execution of a specific workpiece or job are created using numbers, letters, and symbols.

Robots: Cetron and Davies, in their 2001 articles "Trends Changing the World": "Ordinary service jobs, environmentally dangerous jobs, repairs and assembly of parts of space stations will be done by robots. Personal robots will begin to be seen in homes by 2010 "(Cetron and Davies, 2001)

Computer-Aided Design: The best-known example of this is the AutoCAD program.

Computer-Aided Manufacturing: It can be defined as the direct or indirect use of the computer system in the planning, management, and supervision of a production system (Arıkan, 2008).

Computer Integrated Production: Computer Integrated Production organizes the entire operator. In this organization, there are processes such as design, process control, manufacturing, quality control, transportation, warehousing and control of looms and tools that enable these operations to be carried out. At the same time, BTU supports the purchase of orders using commercial data processing, making of material inputs and accordingly production planning (Aydoğan and Semiz, 2004).

Automatic Material Handling: Computer-aided material handling; the movement of goods within the factory is automated and controlled and controlled by computers (www.egitimilanlari.com).

Group Technology (Cellular Production): It is a system in which people, and especially machine groups, are created or created for the exact production of a certain family of parts with similar production characteristics within the system (Gökşen and Erdem, 2003). 3.1.8 Flexible Manufacturing Systems: Various parts sent to the system in an arbitrary manner are identified by the system and sent to the necessary benches for the necessary operations to be performed (Arıkan, 2008).

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES

Information technology lies at the heart of the developments in our era. Although the Internet, which is considered as the cornerstone of today's information technology, has been introduced to the service of mankind just like a decade ago, it has developed at a rapid pace, resulting in the emergence of a new world structure. This building, which is formed by virtual environment, has grown without any obstacle and has removed the borders between the countries. Today, communication, time and the concept of correct information are considered as strategic elements, the most popular tool has been internet and related technologies. When the developments in information technologies are examined, it is seen that the internet is not a technology that can be used only through computers. Nowadays, the new generation mobile phones are being developed to support the permanent internet connection, and this improvement is provided through internet TVs. In addition, the rapidly expanding use of digital television broadens the use of information technology. On the other hand, in today's conditions, the dimensions of management activities have widened and the necessary information needs and options have increased in order to make more effective decisions. The information produced in the increasing competitive conditions has a structure that is rapidly produced and rapidly consumed. At this point, information should be quickly dissipated as soon as it is produced and shared within the organization at the same time. In this sense, it is inevitable to use information technologies for managerial purposes. The structure that contemporary enterprises regard as indispensable for providing these possibilities is the internet and two subsystems which are intranet and extranet (Sevim and Öncel, 2002).

The Internet is a gigantic computer network that consists of interconnected computer networks all over the world. This network, interconnected by telephone lines, has computers of different structures used by people and organizations and different operating systems used in these computers. The Internet allows computers in this diverse structure to communicate in a common way. Even if different programs are run on them, people see and evaluate the same information on the screen (www.aydesign.net).

An intranet is a network that connects computers, local area networks (LANs), and wide area networks (WANs) within a particular organization. The main purposes of creation are the sharing of information and computing capacity within the organization. The intranet is also used in in-house teleconferencing applications and in the creation of business groups where people in different units can come together (www.aydesign.net).

An extranet links an enterprise, its suppliers, clients or other entities that share common objectives; while in doing so it can be defined as a network that uses internet technologies and is open to cooperation. It can also be regarded as an intranet that is open for use by other companies or allows collaboration with other companies. Although the information on the Internet is open to everyone, there may be some specific information for businesses. It will be an absolute exchange of information with cooperating companies such as dealers, solution partners, subcontractors. If the number of firms is high, it will require more effort. This requires the use of an extranet. Note that the concepts of intranet and extranet mentioned above can be considered a subsystem of the internet. So they are not just new technology, but just changing function and name. However, these are complementary technologies of information technology (www.aydesign.net).

MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES

Nowadays a separate management understanding and approach will create scope and depth; Total Quality Management, Learning Organizations, Change Engineering, Benchmarking Just in Time Production, Material Requirements Planning, Production Resources Planning, Enterprise Resource Planning, etc. issues management technologies.

INTEGRATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF TECHNOLOGY AND BUSINESS STRATEGY

POLITICAL IMPORTANCE

With the competitive advantage of high technology, technology theft has emerged. The legal arrangements that States have made in this regard are not enough to prevent counterfeiting today. One of the biggest problems of the companies is that the information that they have obtained by doing research work for many years is taken over by other companies. Especially in companies working with advanced technology, this situation causes big money losses. Garcıa-Muina and Pelechano-Barahona have mentioned in the so-called articles "Technological Capital's Complication and Legal Protection Mechanism" that as technology becomes more complex, the legal protection to be done becomes more difficult. The authors, after two years of research in the Spanish biotechnology firm, came to the following conclusion: As technological knowledge increases and becomes more complicated, a greater intellectual capital protection is needed against the mockery. In addition, when only technological knowledge is low, legal protection has proved to be an effective means of countering imitations (Garcıa-Muina and Pelechano-Barahona, 2008). Since 1996, the US Congress has undergone various reform laws and more than 14,000 new regulations have been enacted. At least 200 of them have been passed at a sufficient level. No one has proposed in this process to refuse to organize. Federal records (the intended and enacted regulations are published here) were 50% thicker and reached 50,000 pages in 1998 10 years ago. This is not just a trend in America, the Brussels bureaucrats of the EU are increasingly overturning the standard arrangements of the member states' natural systems. Although the regulations are both necessary and inescapable, the amount of the types of contests is slow for the economic growth of the business world in the near future as well as for the future. The increase in regulatory developments in the world makes it even more advantageous for countries such as China and India that are still far behind in health, occupational safety and environmental protection issues (Cetron and Davies, 2001). For the business world, it is getting more and more difficult to decide on these issues: the location of the plant, marketing and other critical issues that will continue to be seen in the next 5 years ... All long-term plans have to cover even larger borders for managing risks. This will encourage even greater outsourcing of offshore investments, which can be put at risk by sudden changes in economic conditions. Countries with a prospect of significant stability will have a strong competitive advantage over their neighbors who cannot show it. In the wake of the fast-growing investments in India, deregulation, and privatization have been the general political support shared among other Asian countries where conditions are less protective (Cetron and Davies, 2001).

GLOBAL IMPORTANCE

Bellamy, in his article "Technological Management Curriculum from the Point of View of the Strategic Goal", points out that universities need to set a curriculum on technological management, that technology pushes technology out of the boundaries of education and that the most successful institutes of the future will be high. The example of the course proposed for such a technological management training is outlined in Table 7 (Bellamy, 2008). Jay N. Nisberg in the title "Future Trends and Accelerated Change" only the diversity guarantee in the life of your future companies. The only thing we're sure about is change. This claim has even been seen in the last 10 or even 20 years, causing all of us to stop and think before making predictions; what can the next two, five or ten years look like? "(Nisberg, 2007). Edward Szczerbicki, who was a guest editor at the " Cybernetics and Systems: An International Journal" magazine, mentioned that society needs to develop new approaches, philosophies, and tools in a rapidly changing and uncertain environment resulting from a surplus of technological developments in real life. Technology will be helped to solve the problems and to make decisions in the information environment. The articles published in the same magazine mention some of the approaches and tools used on this subject. For example Q. Yang and C. Reidsema in their articles; they referred to "the integrative intelligent engineering design consultant System" used in engineering design. This computer program solves problems and advises engineers to make the right parameters, correct values, and decided to enter at the right time. Of course, these articles also foresee hybrids of hard and soft approaches that are promised for the needs of the web-based, integrative, platform-independent, new millennium information society (Szczerbicki, 2006).

The technological information we can use today is predicted to be only 1% of what can be used in 2050. Industries will face a technology-based competition that is developing very rapidly and who will win if they have already adopted, who will lose it if they reject it (Cetron and Davies, 2001). Computers, electronic communications, internet and other technologies make national and international economies more competitive. As you can see, the future has some important factors. Of course, the most important is the technological improvements that are constantly being renewed. Technological developments create an ambiguous environment, bringing about globalization as people facilitate communication with each other, resulting in international competition. In order to be able to gain this competitive advantage, companies need to first reach technology and then to direct technology.

Conclusion

Technology management on a global scale requires to follow all the technological developments in the world and choose the most beneficial way to operate them in the most appropriate way. Because globalization transforms all companies in the world into competitors. Therefore, businesses need to constantly support employees for their future success, who are open to developments with every employee and want to demonstrate innovations that they perceive or develop.

It is an undeniable fact that creativity is at the heart of the development of science and technology. Creativity leads to the emergence of new technologies, feasible new technologies lead to increase of competition power, the increase of competitiveness profitability, and the increase of profitability increase creativity. Today, creativity does not only mean the production of technology. When considered together with the concept of competition, creativity also includes the ability to develop technologies to be accepted by the market and to be able to put on the market in time (Zerenler, 2007). When dealt with in this framework, technological developments create an environment of uncertainty, and as people facilitate communication with each other, they reveal globalization and thus create international competition. In order to achieve superiority in this competition, it is inevitable for companies to firstly access technology and then to direct technology.

The rapid change in technology pushes firms to combine some outsourcing talent with some of their own abilities. In addition, in today's intense competition conditions, management activities have expanded in size and the number of needs and options that are necessary to make more effective decisions has increased. This number will increase even more strongly in the likely future. In an increasingly competitive environment, information that is rapidly produced and consumed rapidly must be quickly consumed from the moment it is produced and brought to a state that can be shared within the organization at the same time. In this sense, the use of information technology for managerial purposes has become inevitable and future. In addition, it is important that the areas of new product and innovation processes be manageable today in the technology where production and service sectors intensify their attention. Especially the increasing importance of technology as a production input has increased the need for planning. For this reason, companies are trying to realize the technology planning process by using all capacities and capabilities in the best way. To this end, the need for technologists to take part in the management stages of technology managers who have been informed about future strategic strategies of the company by following responsible technological developments in the existing technology companies has increased and will continue to increase in the future.

Businesses that want to succeed in the global market have to be faster than their competitors in discovering and implementing new technologies. Because in the future, the industry will face a technology-based competition. In this competitive environment, the first to compete will win the competition, the others will lose. In other words, competitive superiority will be achieved by businesses that manage technology well. Considering that the developments in the field of computers will continue to increase at this rate, the future transfer of technology management information between the enterprises will be made even easier and the chance of success in the enterprises that transfer these developments to practice will be further increased.

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The Future of Jobs and Skills

The Middle East and North African economies can be divided into three groups: rich, high-income countries from the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) source; middle-income countries such as Egypt, Algeria and Tunisia; and countries affected by conflicts such as Syria, Iraq, and Yemen. A common characteristic of employment in this subset of countries is the prevalence of job registration. For example, in Egypt, 75% of new labor market entrepreneurs work in the informal sector - agriculture, informal employment, and employment in the free circulation, and the informal sector account for about 30% of all jobs in the MENA region. as well as immigrant and immigrant labor in the Gulf countries.

MENA's labor market is characterized by three widespread issues: women's low but increasing labor participation; There is also an increasing number of public sector employment.

The MENA region has made significant progress to expand its education system over the decades and will be paid in the coming years.

The quality of education is inconsistent across the region. The TIMSS and the International Student Assessment Program (PISA) for those taking the MENA exam are well below the average and are below expectations when the qualifications obtained are taken into consideration. Participants in the World Economic Forum's Executive Opinion Survey assess the quality of education in half the countries below the world average in the region

The transition to a more ecologically sustainable economic model also has the potential to create millions of new jobs globally, in the MENA region. For example, it is expected that the energy efficiency sector will be the single largest producer of new jobs in the BAE. BAE's Greater Green Growth Strategy aims to create 160,000 new jobs and increase GDP by 4-5% in 2030.

Regardless of industry or occupation, new forms of business are proposed and entrepreneurs offer new opportunities. The online platform business is growing globally, including in the MENA region. In several Gulf countries, for example, dialogue around crowd, remote and virtual work is going well and legal changes to support these alternative work arrangements.

Deloitte Access Economics Connected Small Businesses

There are over 2.1 million small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) in Australia. SMEs make significant contributions to the Australian economy, and in Australia, the majority of the private sector's economic activity is in excess of two-thirds of its employment.

There was evidence of the diversity of technologies used by SMEs and potential opportunities to be missed. For example, surveyed businesses have more than 60% of commercial e-mail and a website, and most of these websites (83%) are mobile sensitive.

Numerical participation has become a critical component of SMB success in recent years. Digital tools can help improve operational processes and help develop and implement a business strategy and are strongly associated with revenue growth, innovation, and expanded market access. For this reason, it is important that Australian businesses think creatively and broadly when thinking about how digital tools can be used by businesses to take full advantage of technology.

This tendency towards increased digital participation reflects many factors. Digital technology is becoming more relevant and useful in every aspect of human life. More than three-quarters of the SMEs (69%) reported that digital tools were being used for frequent or regular use for personal reasons; which increases closeness to these systems and reduces obstacles in front of the closure.

As regards increased access to customers, SMEs also perceive an advantage of digital participation because they allow brand awareness and brand image projections. A third of the SMEs saw it in the first three advantages of using digital technology.

On the other hand, SMEs are much less likely to consider the potential benefits of innovation and market access from digital participation. For example, a survey of exporting firms found that SMEs are more likely to sell directly to offshore customers in the future to obtain significant financial benefits (Deloitte Access Economics, 2017).

More information and development can help build confidence in digital tools. It can also help address potential problems or obstacles in front of perceived digital technology. For businesses that already have a medium or high level of numerical interaction, it is important that this progress continues. Since the hurdles have begun to adopt digital tools, they are not as big as these SMEs and the next steps involve targeting specific skill needs or skills. This may involve the use of more advanced concepts or the use of the software. Businesses should consider which tools will be most effective in terms of their activities and that consumers will be able to get more dividends. Increasing the digital involvement of Australia's SME sector will provide broader benefits for both businesses and the Australian economy in the areas of financial, customer and productivity.

10 Principles for Leading the Next Industrial Revolution

Today, industrial change takes place with software controlling machines and sensors spreading through to the factories. Companies advancing on the new technologies such as robotics, machine learning, digital fabrication (including 3D printing), the Industrial Internet, the Internet of Things (IoT), data analytics and blockchain will be the leaders of the revolution. Differences between industries are eroding and the correlation among suppliers, producers, and consumers is also starting to be unclear with an unpredicted rush. Authors claim that their recent research in PwC suggests that the Industrial Internet presents fantastic potential gains for companies. The author explained the methods of utilize from the industrial revolution as 10 principles.

1. Rethink your business model. The business world is changing continuously now. In order to adapt to this, it is necessary to closely follow the change and keep up with change.

2. Build your strategy around platforms. A platform is a union of interoperable types and systems. A successful platform is a platform that provides a good user experience and matches the user and the vendor in the most accurate way, using data mining in doing so. Decide the role you will play in this world in your first step into the industrial Internet. Will you be a platform “enabler” or an “engager” of customers? Will you be a platform “enhancer,” or will you be a combiner two or three of these roles?

3. Design for customers. Manufacturers and users in closer relationships than before. As one of the leaders of the revolution, you have the opportunity to set up a customer-centric business plan.

4. Raise your technological acumen. In our age, in all industries, the key to the development is software. Every company of the world will have to improve their technological understanding in next years including major ones of information technologies companies. You need to be adopting new manufacturing system which brought by new technologies.

5. Innovate rapidly and openly. Innovation and leadership are the things that will make you profit from the industrial revolution. Innovation is more effective if you are open to cooperate with those outside your company. Remember this, Industrial Internet works cross-industry.

6. Learn from your data. Collecting and analyzing data is crucial, but they are not everything. You need to understand them and learn to use them beneficially.

7. Adopt innovative financing models. As everything, finance models have changed. Adopt the change.

8. Focus on purpose, not products. When you have a purpose and when you move towards this purpose, the customer will give positive feedback.

9. Be trustworthy with data. You will collect a huge amount of data. Your only responsibility is not only to manage customers’ behavior but to prevent strangers from getting access to critical information.

10. Put humanity before machines. There have been many times in the past that have acted in the opposite direction to this advice. There may be unexpected consequences if people are shut out and technology embraced.

Reference:
Moritz, N. (2017). 10 Principles for Leading the Next Industrial Revolution. [online] strategy+business. Available at: https://www.strategy-business.com/article/10-Principles-for-Leading-the-Next-Industrial-Revolution [Accessed 5 Jan. 2018].

Strategic Planning Decision in High Tech Industry

Strategic Planning Decisions:

An Overview
Technology planning

Everything starts with a plan. Technology road maps are a very simple but effective tool for technology planning. The use of technology road maps is widely used in industry and government agencies.

They are used for basic technology planning functions that link organizational strategic goals to investment decisions for research and development. The process begins with the identification of internal and external forces that influence the goals and strategies of the organization and the documentation of its vision. Then, the existing capabilities of the organization in terms of products or services are documented. The process helps to bridge the gap between existing capacities and all of these levels, and between the product / service, technology and vision of the organization at the level of research and development.

Technology evaluation

Technology planning determines a goal and a roadmap to achieve this goal. However, more attention should be paid to detailing the actions to be taken around the technologies. This requires the evaluation of technologies for multiple purposes. Strategic goals need to be transformed into the necessary technologies. The existing properties must match those requirements to determine the gaps. To eliminate these gaps, candidate technologies need to be identified and evaluated. Evaluations are not based solely on technical criteria; social, economic and other organizational perspectives are assessed in different ways.

Technology diffusion

One of the critical elements for planning and evaluating technologies is understanding the potential transfer and dissemination of technologies. Many studies have explored technology transfer in different organizations

Strategic Planning for Research-Intensive

Institutions: An Approach Towards Identifying the Most Attractive Path for Technology Development

Transferring technology information from research institutes to industrialization is a very challenging task and is prone to failure. In most cases, the main reason is that research institutions should not capture market needs and market requirements and should not be considered in future technology developments.